Robin Williams

Director - ISSTI

Robin.Williams@ed.ac.uk

+44 (0)131 650 6387

Room 2.86

Old Surgeons' Hall

High School Yards

Edinburgh

EH1 1LZ

Profile
Publications

Research interests

Social Studies of Information and Communication Technologies

My personal research focuses on the social shaping of technology, highlighting the influence of a variety of actors on the design, implementation and use of ICT. A major concern has been with enterprise systems and other large, complex information infrastructures. The Biography of Artefacts perspective I am developing with Neil Pollock and other colleagues explores the co-evolution of technologies, practices and institutional arrangements. Our work has explained how standardized packaged solutions can be created that can successfully be implemented in many diverse organizations, and has highlighted the role of new types of player (such as Gartner industry analysts) in constituting and shepherding technology fields and markets. These insights are being applied further in the area of e-health, where, with colleagues in medicine we are now investigating the development and adoption of packaged solutions for e-prescribing in hospitals.

Another strand of research examines the role of interoperability standards in the emergence of new ICT infrastructures such as mobile broadband, and how China has become a global player alongside Europe and the USA. Further work with Ian Graham is exploring the future internet. Emerging research initiatives around the digital economy include participation with Law on the AHRC funded CREATe project examining copyright and new business models in the cultural industries.

Alongside this is a body of work on risk governance and innovation of new and emerging science and technology, especially in relation to life sciences (where I am co-director of Innogen: the ESRC Centre for Socio-Economic Research on Innovation in Genomics). A recent collaboration with the Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, sponsored by the Ove Arup Foundation and Royal Academy of Engineering examines how better regulation and training could improve fire safety and better integrate it with other goals for our built environment (for example security, aesthetics, energy use).

PhD Topics

I supervise PhD students across the broad range of research areas outlined above, with special interest in: social learning/social shaping of technology and biography of artefacts and practices; standardisation and innovation; enterprise systems; e-health; information infrastructures; e-sciense; models of innovation interdisciplinary engagements promissory work and new and emerging science and technology

Background

As Director of the Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation, I promote the development, conduct and dissemination of interdisciplinary and social science research across many areas including:

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT);
Life Science Innovation
Environmental Innovation and Transition to a sustainable society

My research has involved over 50 external awards from research councils and the European Union. Much of this work is conducted in collaboration with other social scientists and with practitioners and specialists from across the Colleges of Science and Engineering and of Medicine/Veterinary Medicine.

Publications

How Industry Analysts Shape the Digital Future Oxford, Oxford University Press 2016, (Neil Pollock and Robin Williams)

Software and Organisations: The Biography of the Enterprise-Wide System - Or how SAP Conquered the World, Routledge 2009 (Neil Pollock and Robin Williams)

Social Learning in Technological Innovation: Experimenting with Information and Communication Technologies, 2005, Edward Elgar (with James Stewart, Roger Slack)

Shaping Technology, Guiding Policy: Concepts, Spaces and Tools, 2002 Edward Elgar (edited with Knut H. Sørensen)

Policies for Cleaner Technology: A New Agenda for Government and Industry, 1999 Earthscan (with Tony Clayton and Graham Spinardi)

Exploring Expertise: Issues and Perspectives, 1998, Macmillan (co-edited with Wendy Faulkner and James Fleck)

The Social Shaping of Information Superhighways: European and American Roads to the Information Society, Campus Verlag, 1997 (co-edited with Kubicek and Dutton)

Expertise and innovation: Information technology strategies in the financial services sector, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994 (R. Fincham, J. Fleck, R. Proctor, H. Scarbrough, M. Tierney and R. Williams)

Working Papers

Global Software and its Provenance [download]
Post Local Forms of Repair: The Case of Virtualised Technical Support [download]
Technology Choice and its Performance [download]
The Sociology of a Market Analysis Tool: How Industry Analysts Sort Vendors and Organise Markets [download]

Works within

Science, Technology and Innovation Studies

Publication	Research Explorer link
Johnson M, Mozaffar H, Campagnolo GM, Hyysalo S, Pollock N, Williams R. The Managed Prosumer: Evolving Knowledge Strategies in the Design of Information Infrastructures. Information, Communication and Society. 2014 Jun;17(7):795-813. Epub 2013 Aug 25. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.830635	View
ePrescribing Programme Team, Mozaffar H, Williams R, Cresswell K, Morrison Z, Slee A et al. Product Diversity and Spectrum of Choice in Hospital ePrescribing Systems in England. PLoS ONE. 2014 Apr 1;9(4):92516. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092516	View
Cresswell KM, Bates DW, Williams R, Morrison Z, Slee A, Coleman J et al. Evaluation of medium-term consequences of implementing commercial computerized physician order entry and clinical decision support prescribing systems in two 'early adopter' hospitals. JAMIA: A Scholarly Journal of Informatics in Health and Biomedicine (JAMIA). 2014 Jan 15;21(e2):e194-e202. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2013-002252	View
Shen X, Graham I, Williams R, Stewart J. Standards Development as Hybridization. International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research. 2013;11(2):34-45. doi: 10.4018/jitsr.2013070103	View
Cresswell KM, Slee A, Coleman J, Williams R, Bates DW, Sheikh A. Qualitative analysis of round-table discussions on the business case and procurement challenges for hospital electronic prescribing systems. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e79394. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079394	View
Stewart J, Procter R, Williams R, Poschen M. The Role of Academic Publishers in Shaping the Development of Web 2.0 Services for Scholarly Communication. New Media and Society. 2013;15(3):413-432. doi: 10.1177/1461444812465141	View
Williams R, Pollock N. Moving beyond the single site implementations study: How (and why) we should study the biography of packaged enterprise solutions. Information Systems Research. 2012 Mar;23(1):1-22. Epub 2011 Apr 8. doi: 10.1287/isre.1110.0352	View
Monteiro E, Pollock N, Hanseth O, Williams R. From Artefacts to Infrastructures. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). 2012. doi: 10.1007/s10606-012-9167-1	View
Pollock N, Williams R. Who Decides the Shape of Product Markets? The Knowledge Institutions that Name and Categorize New Technologies. Information and Organisation. 2011 Dec;21(4):194-217. Epub 2011 Sept 9. doi: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2011.08.001	View
Williams R, Graham I, Jakobs K, Lyytinen K. China and Global ICT standardisation and innovation. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 2011;23(7):715-724. doi: 10.1080/09537325.2011.592265	View
Procter R, Williams R, Stewart J, Poschen M, Snee H, Voss A et al. Adoption and Use of Web 2.0 in Scholarly Communications. Philosophical Transactions A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 2010 Sept 13;368(1926):4039-4056. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0155	View
Pollock N, Williams R. The business of expectations: How promissory organizations shape technology and innovation. Social Studies of Science. 2010 Aug;40(4):525-548. doi: 10.1177/0306312710362275	View
Coyne R, Ekeus H, Wright M, Stewart J, Travlou P, Williams R. Branded meeting places: Ubiquitous technologies and the design of places for meaningful human encounter. In Inns T, editor, Design for the 21st Century: Interdisciplinary Methods and Findings. London: Ashgate Publishing. 2010. p. 146-159	View
Pollock N, Williams R. E-infrastructures: How Do We Know and Understand Them: Strategic Ethnography and the Biography of Artefacts. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). 2010;19(6):521-556. doi: 10.1007/s10606-010-9129-4	View
Pollock N, D'Adderio L, Williams R, Grimm C. Post local forms of repair: The (extended) situation of virtualised technical support. Information and Organization. 2009 Oct;19(4):253-276. doi: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2009.08.001	View
Lyall C, Williams R, Meagher L. A Short Guide to Developing Interdisciplinary Strategies for Research Groups. 2009. 4 p.	View
Shen X, Williams R. 2009高技术发展报告 / 中国科学院: 合成生物学的科学意义和伦理及其社会规制问题. In 北京:科学出版社: 中国科学院. Beijing Science and Technology Publishing House. 2009. (高技术发展报告).	View
Pollock N, Williams R. The sociology of a market analysis tool: How industry analysts sort vendors and organize markets. Information and Organisation. 2009 Apr;19(2):129-151. doi: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2009.01.001	View
Graham I, Bunduchi R, Gerst M, Williams R. Emergence of Standardisation Processes: Linkage with Users. In Jakobs K, editor, Information Communication Technology Standardization for E-Business Sectors: Integrating Supply and Demand Factors. Hershey: IGI Global. 2009. p. 53-64 doi: 10.4018/978-1-60566-320-3	View
Edwards PN, (ed.), Jackson SJ, (ed.), Williams R, (ed.). Special Issue on ‘e-infrastructures’. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2009;10(5).	View
Edwards PN, Bowker GC, Jackson SJ, Williams R. Introduction: An Agenda for Infrastructure Studies. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2009;10(5):364-374.	View
Pollock N, Williams R. Beyond The ERP Implementation Study: A New Approach To The Study Of Packaged Information Systems: The Biography Of Artifacts Framework. 2009. Paper presented at ICIS 2009, United Kingdom.	View
Wright M, Ekeus H, Coyne R, Stewart J, Travlou P, Williams R. Augmented duality: overlapping a metaverse with the real world. In ACE '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology. New York: ACM. 2008. p. 263-266 doi: 10.1145/1501750.1501812	View
Bunduchi R, Graham I, Smart A, Williams R. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in information technology private standard settings - the institutional account. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 2008 Jul;20(4):389-407. doi: 10.1080/09537320802141387	View
Anderson S, Hardstone G, Procter R, Williams R. Down in the (Data)base(ment): Supporting Configuration in Organizational Information Systems. In Ackerman MS, Halverson CA, Erickson T, Kellogg WA, editors, Resources, Co-Evolution and Artifacts: Theory in CSCW. Springer. 2008. p. 221-253. (Computer Supported Cooperative Work). doi: 10.1007/978-1-84628-901-9_9	View
Bunduchi R, Graham I, Williams R. The evolution of IT standards in academic and commercial communities: Grid standardization. International Journal of Quality and Standards. 2008;2(1):40-66.	View
Pollock N, Williams R. Software and Organisations: The Biography of the Enterprise-Wide System Or How SAP Conquered the World. Routledge, 2008. 320 p. (Routledge Studies in Technology, Work and Organizations). doi: 10.4324/9780203891940	View
Mittra J, Williams R. Evolution of the life science industries. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 2007 May 1;19(3):251-255. doi: 10.1080/09537320701281516	View
Pollock N, Williams R, D'Adderio L. Global software and its provenance: Generification work in the production of organizational software packages. Social Studies of Science. 2007 Apr;37(2):254-280. doi: 10.1177/0306312706066022	View
Pollock N, Williams R. Technology choice and its performance: Towards a sociology of software package procurement. Information and Organisation. 2007 Jan 1;17(3):131-161. doi: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2007.05.001	View
Mittra J, Williams R. Evolution of the life science industries. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 2007;19(3):251-255. doi: 10.1080/09537320701281516	View
Bunduchi R, Williams R, Graham I, Smart A. XML-based clinical data standardisation in the National Health Service Scotland. Informatics in Primary Care. 2006 Jan 1;14(4):227-233.	View
Hardstone G, D'Adderio L, Williams R. Standardization, Trust and Dependability. In Clarke K, Hardstone G, Rouncefield M, Somerville I, editors, Trust in Technology: A Socio-Technical Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer. 2006	View
Shen X, Williams R. A Critique of China's Utilitarian View of Science and Technology. Science Technology and Society. 2005 Sept;10(2):197-223. doi: 10.1177/097172180501000202	View
Bunduchi R, Graham I, Smart A, Williams R. The tensions shaping the emergence of standard bodies: The case of a national health informatics standards body. Prometheus. 2005 Jun 1;23(2):149-166. doi: 10.1080/08109020500085544	View
Graham I, Williams R. The use of management texts: Hammer's reengineering. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 2005 Jun 1;21(2 SPEC. ISS.):159-175. doi: 10.1016/j.scaman.2005.02.009	View
Stewart J, Williams R. The wrong trousers ? beyond the design fallacy : social learning and the user. In User involvement in innovation processes. Munich: Profil. 2005. p. 39-71	View
Williams R, Stewart J, Slack R. Social learning in technological innovation: experimenting with information and communication technologies. Northampton, MA: Elgar, 2005.	View
Spinardi G, Williams R. The governance challenge of breakthrough science and technology. In Lyall C, Tait J, editors, New modes of governance: developing an integrated policy approach to science, technology, risk and the environment. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. 2005. p. 45-66	View
Bruce A, Lyall C, Tait J, Williams R. Interdisciplinary integration in Europe: the case of the Fifth Framework programme. Futures. 2004 May;36(4):457-470. doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2003.10.003	View
Yin D, (ed.), Williams R, (ed.), Shen X, (ed.), Mingan K, (ed.). Jishu de Shehui Xinchebg. Beijing: Capital Normal University Press, 2004.	View
Pollock N, Procter R, Williams R. Fitting standard software packages to non-standard organizations: The 'biography' of an enterprise-wide system. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 2003 Sept;15(3):317-332. doi: 10.1080/09537320310001601504	View
Shen X, Williams R. Jishu de Shehui Xingcheng Guan ji qi dui Zhongguo Xiandaihua de Tiaozhan. Kexue de Shehui Yingxiang. 2003;1:52-6.	View
Williams R. Jishu Yanjiu yu Jishu de Shehui Xingcheng Guan. Kexue de Shehui Yingxiang. 2003;1:48-51.	View
Williams R. Introduction. In Sørensen KH, Williams R, editors, Shaping Technology, Guiding Policy: Concepts, Spaces and Tools . Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2002. p. 3-18	View
Clarke K, Hartswood M, Procter R, Rouncefield M, Slack R, Williams R. Knife to Skin Time: Process Modelling and New Technology in Medical Work. Health Informatics Journal. 2002;8(1):41-44.	View
Sorenson KH, (ed.), Williams R, (ed.). Shaping technology, guiding policy: concepts, spaces and tools. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002. 404 p.	View
Russell S, Williams R. Social Shaping of Technology: Frameworks, Findings and Implications for Policy, with Glossary of Social Shaping Concepts. In Sørensen KH, Williams R, editors, Shaping Technology, Guiding Policy: Concepts, Spaces and Tools. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2002. p. 37-132	View
Russell S, Williams R. Concepts, Spaces and Tools for Action? Exploring the Policy Potential of the Social Shaping of Technology: Perspective. In Sørensen KH, Williams R, editors, Shaping Technology, Guiding Policy: Concepts, Spaces and Tools. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2002. p. 45-66	View
Bechhofer F, Rayman-Bacchus L, Williams R. The Dynamics of Social Science Research Exploitation. Scottish Affairs. 2001;36:124-155.	View
Spinardi G, Williams R. Environmental Innovation in Refining and Chemicals. In Ahead of the Curve: Cases of Innovation in Environmental Management. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. p. 165-192	View
S G, Procter R, Williams R. The Politics of Usability: Can One Size Fit All? . In Trenner L, Bawa J, editors, Usability, Politics and New Media. Springer. 2001	View
Hartswood M, Procter R, Rouncefield M, Slack R, Voss A, Williams R. Building Information Systems as “Universalised Locals”. Knowledge, Technology and Policy. 2001;14(3):90-108.	View
Slack RS, Williams RA. The dialectics of place and space: On community in the 'Information Age'. New Media and Society. 2000 Sept 1;2(3):313-334.	View
Voss A, Procter R, Williams R. Innovation in use: Interleaving day-to-day operation and systems development. In Cherkasky T, Greenbaum J, Mambrey P, Pors JK, editors, PDC 2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE PARTICIPATORY DESIGN CONFERENCE. PALO ALTO: COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. 2000. p. 192-201	View
Williams R. Public choices and social learning: The new multimedia technologies in Europe. The Information Society. 2000;16(4):251-262. doi: 10.1080/019722400457234	View
Jaeger B, Slack RS, Williams R. Europe experiments with multimedia: An overview of social experiments and trials. The Information Society. 2000;16(4):277-301.	View
Williams R, (Guest ed.). ICT Development and Use in Europe. The Information Society. 2000;16(4):251-328.	View
Williams R. ICT standards setting from an innovation studies perspective. In Jacobs K, Williams R, editors, Standardisation and Innovation in Information Technology. Piscataway NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 1999. p. 251-262	View
Tait J, Williams R. Policy approaches to research and development: Foresight, framework and competitiveness. Science and Public Policy. 1999 Jan 1;26(2):101-112.	View
Williams R. The social shaping of technology'. In Society on the line: information politics in the digital age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. p. 41-43	View
Williams R. The National Appropriation of Multimedia. In Williams R, Slack R, editors, Europe Appropriates Multimedia: A study of the National Uptake of Multimedia in Eight European Countries and Japan. Trondheim, Norway: Senter for teknologi og samfunn. 1999. p. 1-19	View
Williams R, (ed.), Slack RS, (ed.). Europe appropriates multimedia: a study of the national uptake of multimedia in eight European countries and Japan. Trondheim: Senter for teknologi og samfunn, 1999. 438 p. (Rapport).	View
COST A4 (Project), Slack RS, (ed.), Stewart JK, (ed.), Williams RA, (ed.). The social shaping of multimedia. European Commission, 1999. (Social sciences).	View
Jacobs K, (ed.), Williams R, (ed.). Standardisation and Innovation in Information Technology: SIIT'99 proceedings : 1st ieee conference on standardisation and innovation in information technology, Aachen, September 15-17, 1999. Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1999. 270 p.	View
Clayton AMH, Spinardi G, Williams R. Policies for cleaner technology: a new agenda for government and industry. London: Earthscan, 1999. 310 p.	View
Slack R, Stewart J, Williams R. 'The Social Shaping of Multimedia'. In Slack R, Stewart J, Williams R, editors, The Social Shaping of Multimedia. Luxembourg: European Commission. 1999. p. 1-16	View
Procter R, Cashin L, Williams R. Social Learning and New Strategies for the Management of Innovation in Multimedia: A Case-Study of Desk-Top Video-Conferencing. In Slack R, Stewart J, Williams R, editors, The Social Shaping of Multimedia. Luxembourg: European Commission. 1999. p. 155-169	View
Williams R, (ed.), Faulkner W, (ed.), Fleck J, (ed.). Exploring expertise. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan Publishers, 1998. 340 p.	View
Stewart J, Williams R. The coevolution of society and multimedia technology - Issues in predicting the future innovation and use of a ubiquitous technology. Social science computer review. 1998;16(3):268-282. doi: 10.1177/089443939801600304	View
Spinardi G, Graham I, Williams R. Electronic commerce and inter-organisational restructuring: barriers to the uses of information technology for BPR. In Management and technology: collected papers from Final Conference of COST A3, Madrid, 12-14 June 1996. Luxembourg: European Commission. 1998. p. 472-84	View
Faulkner W, Fleck J, Williams R. Exploring expertise: Issues and Perspectives. In Exploring Extertise. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 1998. p. 1-27	View
Williams R, Proctor R. Trading places: a case study of the formation and deployment of computing expertise. In Williams R, Faulkner W, editors, Exploring expertise. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 1998. p. 197-222	View
Jakobs K, Procter R, Williams R. Competitive advantage through participation in standards setting? IEE Conference Publication. 1997 Jan 1;(435):370-375.	View
Jakobs K, Procter R, Williams R. Introducing IT: lessons from case studies of e-mail. IEE Conference Publication. 1997 Jan 1;(435):145-152.	View
Clausen C, Williams R. The social shaping of computer-aided production management and computer-integrated manufacture. European Commission, 1997. 28 p.	View
Williams R, Clayton A, Thomson I. 'The implementation of cleaner technology'. Social and Environmental Accountability Journal. 1997;17:9-14.	View
Williams R. The Social Shaping of a Failed Technology: Mismatch and Tension in the Supply and Use of Computer-Aided Production Management' . In Clausen C, Williams R, editors, The Social Shaping of Computer-Aided Production Management and Computer Integrated Manufacture. Vol. 5. Luxembourg: European Commission. 1997. p. 109-130	View
Williams R. The Social Shaping of Multimedia. In Kubicek H, Dutton WH, Williams R, editors, The Social Shaping of Information Superhighways: European and American Roads to the Information Society . Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. 1997. p. 299-338	View
Kubicek H, Dutton WH, Williams R. The social shaping of information superhighways: European and American roads to the information society. Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.	View
Williams R. Universal solutions or local contingencies? Tensions and contradictions in the mutual shaping of technology and work organisation' . In McLoughlin I, Mason D, editors, Innovation Organizational Change and Technology. London: International Thompson Business Press. 1997. p. 170-185	View
Jakobs K, Procter R, Williams R. Users and Standardization - Worlds Apart? The Example of Electronic Mail' . Standard View. 1996 Dec;4(4):183-191.	View
Edge D, Williams R. The social shaping of technology. Research Policy. 1996 Sept;25(6):865-899.	View
Spinardi G, Graham I, Williams R. A comment on Standish et al: The problem with CALS: Barriers to the development of product data exchange and the US continuous acquisition and life-cycle support programme. International Journal of Production Economics. 1996 Jul 1;44(3):201-206.	View
Graham I, Spinardi G, Williams R. Diversity in the emergence of electronic commerce. Journal of Information Technology. 1996 Jun;11(2):161-172.	View
Spinardi G, Graham I, Williams R. EDI and business network redesign: Why the two don't go together. New technology work and employment. 1996 Mar;11(1):16-27.	View
Graham I, Spinardi G, Williams R. EDI and Business Process Reenginering: Why the Two Don't Go Together. New technology work and employment. 1996 Mar;11(1):16-27.	View
Jakobs K, Procter R, Williams R. Study of user participation in standards setting. Standard View. 1996 Jan 1;109-110.	View
Proctor RN, Williams R. Beyond Design: Social Learning and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: some lessons from Innovation Studies'. In Shapiro D, Tauber M, Tranmueller R, editors, The Design of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Groupware Systems. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. 1996. p. 445-464. (Human Factors in Information Technology).	View
Jakobs K, Procter R, Williams R. Electronic messaging - The lifeline of the global enterprise. In IEMC 96 PROCEEDINGS - MANAGING VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES: A CONVERGENCE OF COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTING, AND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES. NEW YORK: Centre for Research in Education Inclusion and Diversity. 1996. p. 221-225	View
Spinardi G, Graham I, Williams R. Technical Data Exchange in the Eurofighter Project. Science and Public Policy. 1995;22(1):29-38.	View
GRAHAM I, SPINARDI G, WILLIAMS R, WEBSTER J. THE DYNAMICS OF EDI STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 1995;7(1):320.	View
Williams R, Spinardi G, Graham I. The Social Shaping of Electronic Data Interchange. In Williams R, editor, The Social Shaping of Inter-Organisational Network Systems and Electronic Data Interchange: Proceedings of International Conference. Luxembourg: European Commission. 1995. p. 1-16	View
Fincham R, Fleck J, Procter R, Scarbrough H, Tierney M, Williams R. Expertise and innovation: information technology strategies in the financial services sector. Oxford (UK): Clarendon Press, 1994. 334 p. (Related Oxford Books).	View
Webster J, Williams R. Mismatch and Tension: Standard Packages and Non-standard Users' . In Quintas P, editor, Social Dimensions of Systems Engineering: People, Processes, Policies and Software Development . Ellis Horwood. 1993. p. 179-196	View
Brady T, Tierney M, Williams R. The commodification of industry applications software. Industrial and Corporate Change. 1992 Jan 1;1(3):489-514. doi: 10.1093/icc/1.3.489	View
Williams R. The Social Shaping of Technology: Research, Concepts and Findings in Great Britain. In Dierkes M, Hoffman U, editors, New Technology at the Outset: social forces in the shaping of technological innovations. Campus Verlag. 1992. p. 31-61	View
Williams R, Edge D. The Social Shaping of Technology: a Review of UK Research Concepts, Findings, Programmes and Centres. Mitteilungen heft. 1991;8:152-205.	View
FLECK J, WEBSTER J, WILLIAMS R. DYNAMICS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION - A REASSESSMENT OF PARADIGMS AND TRAJECTORIES OF DEVELOPMENT. Futures. 1990;22(6):618-640.	View
Technical Committee 9, International Federation for Information Processing, IFIP TC 9 Conference on Social Implications of Home Interactive Telematics, Rijn FV, (ed.), Williams R, (ed.). Concerning home telematics. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1988. 461 p.	View

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